Enumeration of Bacterial Isolates from Hands of Primary and Post Primary School pupils in Amai, Delta State

The presence of bacteria on the hands of fourty (40) school pupils from two different schools (Amai Primary and secondary School) in Amai, Delta State, was analysed. The reason was to enumerate bacteria isolated from hands of students. Swab samples were collected from hands of pupils in both schools of 20 students each of different sex groups. Microbiological methods was used for the isolation, enumeration and antibiotic test of the isolates. The results showed various isolates of Staphylococcus sp 56 (25.7%), Shigella sp 24 (9.7%), Staphylococcus epidermidis 32 (12.1%), Escherichia coli 41 (15.6%), and Enterococcus sp 36 (11.0%). Staphylococcus aureus 56 (25.3%) and Escherichia coli 41 (15.6%) were the most frequent isolates. The isolation of Shigella sp 24 (9.7%) and Enterococcus sp 36 (11.0%) is of great importance as the isolation of these organisms showed improper faecal wastes disposal around the school environment and also lack of proper clean up after using the convience by the pupils. Testing these isolates to few antibiotics, the isolates were susceptible to Pefloxacin, Gentamycin, Erythromycin, Chloramphenicol, Streptomycin, while resistant to Augmentin, Amoxicillin, and Ampiclox. This study revealed that the students hands were infested with pathogens due negligence of maintenance culture. Those in charge of schools like the principal are advised to keep soap and water for hand washing, while parents on their part should make available hand washing facilities for their children at home since it will add economic value to the society, why Government should enact laws that will make provision of washing hand amenities in all areas compulsory for individuals.

Development of a surface plasmon resonance biosensor for accurate and sensitive quantitation of small molecules in blood samples / 药物分析学报

Therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM)has played an important role in clinical medicine for precise dosing.Currently,chromatographic technology and immunoassay detection are widely used in TDM and have met most of the needs of clinical drug therapy.However,some problems still exist in practical appli-cations,such as complicated operation and the influence of endogenous substances.Surface plasmon resonance(SPR)has been applied to detect the concentrations of small molecules,including pesticide residues in crops and antibiotics in milk,which indicates its potential for in vivo drug detection.In this study,a new SPR-based biosensor for detecting chloramphenicol(CAP)in blood samples was developed and validated using methodological verification,including precision,accuracy,matrix effect,and extraction recovery rate,and compared with the classic ultra-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet(UPLC-UV)method.The detection range of SPR was 0.1-50 ng/mL and the limit of detec-tion was 0.099±0.023 ng/mL,which was lower than that of UPLC-UV.The intra-day and inter-day ac-curacies of SPR were 98％-114％and 110％-122％,which met the analysis requirement.The results show that the SPR biosensor is identical to UPLC-UV in the detection of CAP in rat blood samples;moreover,the SPR biosensor has better sensitivity.Therefore,the present study shows that SPR technology can be used for the detection of small molecules in the blood samples and has the potential to become a method for therapeutic drug monitoring.

Laboratory-based surveillance of Shigella spp. from human clinical cases in Colombia, 1997-2018 / Vigilancia por el laboratorio de Shigella spp. aislada de casos clínicos humanos en Colombia, 1997-2018

Abstract | Introduction: Shigellosis is endemic in low-and middle-income countries, causing approximately 125 million episodes of diarrhea and leading to approximately 160.000 deaths annually one-third of which is associated with children. Objective: To describe the characteristics and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Shigella species recovered in Colombia from 1997 to 2018. Materials and methods: We received isolates from laboratories in 29 Colombian departments. We serotyped with specific antiserum and determined antimicrobial resistance and minimal inhibitory concentrations for ten antibiotics with Kirby-Bauer tests following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute recommendations. Results: We analyzed 5,251 isolates of Shigella spp., most of them obtained from stools (96.4%); 2,511 (47.8%) were from children under five years of age. The two most common species were S. sonnei (55.1%) and S. fbxneri (41.7%). The highest resistance rate was that of tetracycline (88.1%) followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (79.3%) and ampicillin (65.5%); 50.8% of isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol, 43.6% to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and less than 1% to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin. In S. sonnei, the most common resistance profile corresponded to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (92%) whereas in S. fbxneri the most common antibiotic profiles were multidrug resistance. Conclusions. In Colombia, children under five years are affected by all Shigella species. These findings should guide funders and public health officials to make evidence-based decisions for protection and prevention measures. The antimicrobial resistance characteristics found in this study underline the importance of combating the dissemination of the most frequently isolated species, S. sonnei and S. ftexneri.

Resumen | Introducción. La shigelosis es endémica en los países de ingresos bajos y medios y ocasiona aproximadamente 125 millones de episodios de diarrea y 160.000 muertes al año, un tercio de los cuales se presenta en niños. Objetivo. Describir las características y los perfiles de resistencia antimicrobiana en aislamientos de Shigella spp. recuperados en Colombia entre 1997 y 2018. Materiales y métodos. Los aislamientos provenían de laboratorios en 29 departamentos de Colombia. La serotipificación se hizo con antisueros específicos de Shigella spp. y, la determinación de los perfiles de resistencia y la concentración inhibitoria mínima de diez antibióticos, por Kirby-Bauer. Resultados. Se estudiaron 5.251 aislamientos de Shigella spp. obtenidos de materia fecal (96,4 %); el 47,8 % de ellos correspondía a niños menores de cinco años. Las especies más frecuentes fueron S. sonnei (55,1 %) y S. ftexneri (41,7 %). Se presentó resistencia a tetraciclina (88,1 %), trimetoprim-sulfametoxasol (79,3 %), ampicilina (65,5 %), cloranfenicol (50,8 %) y amoxicilina-acido clavulánico (43,6 %). La resistencia no superó el 1 % contra cefotaxime, ceftazidima, gentamicina y ciprofloxacina. Para S. sonnei, el perfil de resistencia más frecuente correspondió a trimetoprim-sulfametoxasol, en contraste con S. ftexneri, cuyos perfiles fueron todos multirresistentes. Conclusiones. Los niños menores de cinco años se vieron afectados por todas las especies de Shigella spp., aspecto que los legisladores en salud pública deben considerar a la hora de tomar decisiones en torno a las medidas de prevención y protección frente a esta enfermedad. Las características de resistencia antimicrobiana de los aislamientos de Shigella spp. en Colombia ponen de manifiesto la importancia de combatir la diseminación de las dos especies más frecuentes en casos clínicos, S. sonnei y S. ftexneri.

Isolation, identification and characterization of a chloramphenicol-degrading bacterium / 生物工程学报

Microorganisms are the dominant players driving the degradation and transformation of chloramphenicol (CAP) in the environment. However, little bacterial strains are able to efficiently degrade and mineralize CAP, and the CAP degrading pathways mediated by oxidative reactions remain unclear. In this study, a highly efficient CAP-degrading microbial consortium, which mainly consists of Rhodococcus (relative abundance >70%), was obtained through an enrichment process using CAP-contaminated activated sludge as the inoculum. A bacterial strain CAP-2 capable of efficiently degrading CAP was isolated from the consortium and identified as Rhodococcus sp. by 16S rRNA gene analysis. Strain CAP-2 can efficiently degrade CAP under different nutrient conditions. Based on the biotransformation characteristics of the detected metabolite p-nitrobenzoic acid and the reported metabolites p-nitrobenzaldehyde and protocatechuate by strain CAP-2, a new oxidative pathway for the degradation of CAP was proposed. The side chain of CAP was oxidized and broken to generate p-nitrobenzaldehyde, which was further oxidized to p-nitrobenzoic acid. Strain CAP-2 can be used to further study the molecular mechanism of CAP catabolism, and has the potential to be used in in situ bioremediation of CAP-contaminated environment.

Detecção e quantificação de bactérias resistentes aos antibióticos ampicilina e cloranfenicol em estações de tratamento de esgoto doméstico / Detection and quantification of bacteria resistant to ampicillin and chloranphenicol in domestic sewage treatment plants

RESUMO Estações de tratamento de esgotos (ETEs) estão entre as principais fontes de disseminação de bactérias resistentes a antibióticos (BRAs) e genes de resistência (GRAs) no ambiente. Este trabalho quantificou a ocorrência de bactérias resistentes aos antibióticos ampicilina e cloranfenicol no esgoto bruto (EB), no efluente tratado (ET) e no lodo de duas ETEs em escala plena por um período de nove meses. As unidades investigadas utilizavam os seguintes sistemas de tratamento: ETE-A, sistema de lodos ativados convencional; e a ETE-B, reatores anaeróbios (UASB) seguidos de filtros biológicos percoladores (FBP). Os resultados evidenciaram que a ETE-A foi mais eficiente na redução das concentrações de bactérias resistentes à ampicilina e ao cloranfenicol (cerca de 1,1 e 0,7 log10UFC.mL−1 de remoção, respectivamente), quando comparada com a ETE-B (0,5log10 UFC.mL−1 de remoção para as bactérias resistentes ao cloranfenicol e nenhuma remoção para as resistentes à ampicilina). As amostras de lodo, de ambas ETEs, apresentaram elevadas concentrações de bactérias heterotróficas totais — BHTs (4,8-7,6 log10UFC.mL−1) e de BRAs (3,0-6,3 log10UFC.mL−1). A maioria das cepas resistentes à ampicilina e ao cloranfenicol isoladas foi identificada como sendo da família Enterobacteriaceae. Algumas das espécies identificadas são bactérias potencialmente patogênicas, tais como: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella spp. Os resultados chamam a atenção para a disseminação de BRAs, potencialmente patogênicas, no meio ambiente a partir do efluente final (proveniente do tratamento secundário) das ETEs, independentemente do tipo de sistema adotado. Fica evidente que para reduzir significativamente a concentração das BRAs no ET, este deveria passar por tratamento adicional e desinfecção.

ABSTRACT Sewage treatment plants (STP) are among the main sources of dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARG) into the environment. This work quantified the occurrence of cultivable ampicilin-resistant and chloramphenicol-resistant bacteria in raw sewage, treated effluent and sludge samples from two full-scale STP over nine months. The STP investigated used the following treatment systems: STP-A used conventional activated sludge system; and STP-B, anaerobic reactors (UASB) followed by percolating biological filters (PBF). Results showed that was more efficient in reducing the concentrations of ampicilin- and chloramphenicol-resistant bacteria (around 1.1 and 0.7 log10UFC.mL−1, respectively) when compared to STP-B (0.5 log10 UFC.mL−1 removal of cloramphenicol-resistant bacteria and no-removal of ampicilin-resistant bacteria). Sludge samples, from both STP, showed high concentrations of total heterotrophic bacteria (THB; 4.8-7.6 log10UFC.mL−1) and ARB (3.0-6.3 log10UFC.mL−1). Most of the isolated ampicilin- and chloramphenicol-resistant strains were identified as members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Some of the identified species are potential pathogenic bacteria, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella spp. These results call attention to the spread of ARB, potentially pathogenic, in the environment from the final effluent (from secondary effluent) on the STP, regardless of the type of system adopted. It is evident that in order to significantly reduce the concentration of ARB in the treated effluent, it should undergo additional treatment and disinfection.

Box–Behnken design-based HPLC optimization for quantitative analysis of chloramphenicol and hydrocortisone acetate in cream

Inserting chloramphenicol (CL) and hydrocortisone acetate (HCA) in cream preparation is intended to have activityagainst skin infection and dermatitis and such a product is available in the Indonesian market. Due to its capabilityas a separation technique, chromatography is widely used for the analysis of mixture in pharmaceutical products.The objective of this study was to develop high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with anexperimental design for an effective analysis of CL and HCA in a cream formulation. In this study, the experimentalBox–Behnken design (BBD) was used. BBD is one of the useful experimental designs for the optimization ofchromatographic separation and analysis and for getting a better understanding of the interaction of studied factors onHPLC separation quality. Separation and HPLC analysis of CL and HCA were performed using a Shimadzu LC-20ADchromatograph, a Waters X-Bridge C-18 column (250 × 4.6 mm ID, 5 µm), and a UV-Vis detector at 261 nm. HPLCmethod was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization by determining several analyticalperformances intended for the method’s purpose. Based on BBD, the optimal condition of HPLC was obtained usinga mobile phase of acetonitrile 47%– 53%, with a flow rate of 0.9 ml/minutes and a column temperature of 38°C. Thevalidation of HPLC resulted in the selectivity of a method with a resolution value of ≥1.5, linearity with a correlationcoefficient of >0.999, intraday and inter-day precisions with relative standard deviation values of ≤1.9%, and recoveryvalues in the range of 98%−102%. The validated method is successfully used for the analysis of CL and HCA in creamformulations. BBD could be an effective design to get the optimum reversed HPLC condition for the separation of CLand HCA in a cream formulation

Distribution characteristics of nine main components of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction in rat brain / 中草药

Objective: To establish a sensitive, accurate and reliable LC-MS-MS analysis method for the nine major components (berberine, berberrubine, jatrorrhizine, palmatine, baicalin, wogonin, oroxylin A, geniposide and gardenin B) in Huanglian Jiedu Decoction (HJD) in rat hippocampus, cortex, striatum, and cerebrospinal fluid, and to study the distribution characteristics of the components in brain tissues of rats. Methods: The mass spectrometry detection conditions and chromatographic analysis conditions of nine main components and internal standards (clarithromycin and chloramphenicol) was optimized, and then the methodological investigations were performed. After HJD was administrated for 1 h, the samples of cerebrospinal fluid, hippocampus, cortex and striatum tissues were collected, and the contents of nine components in these samples were measured. Results: Berberine, jatrorrhizine, palmatine, baicalin, wogonin, oroxylin A and gardenin B showed a good linear relationship in the range of 1-250 ng/mL (r2 > 0.99). Berberrubine had a good linear relationship in the range of 1-500 ng/mL (r2 = 0.991 2), and geniposide had a good linear relationship in the range of 5-500 ng/mL, respectively (r2 = 0.999 5). The intra-day and inter-day precision of each component was less than 12.94%, the accuracy was from -12.71% to 6.91%; The extraction recovery rate was from 88.02% to 106.7%; The matrix effect was from 88.92% to 105.10%; And the short-term, freeze-thaw cycle and long-term stability were less than 12.51%. The content of each component in the hippocampus, cortex and striatum was berberine > baicalin > geniposide > berberrubine > palmatine > wogonin > jatrorrhizine > oroxylin A > gardenin B; And the content of each component in cerebrospinal fluid was geniposide > berberine > berberrubine > palmatine > baicalin> gardenin B > jatrorrhizine > wogonin > oroxylin A. Conclusion: The method can be used for the simultaneous detection of the concentration of nine active components in brain tissues of rats, and successfully applied to the study of brain tissue distribution, which provides a reference for HJD to treat brain diseases.

Synergistic Pharmacological Effect of Leaf Extracts of Ficus exasperata and Telfeira occidentalis on Chloramphenicol - Induced Anaemia in Wistar Rats

Objective: This study was undertaken to validate the haematinic potentials of the aqueous leaf extracts of Ficus exasperata (FEAE) and Telfeira occidentalis (TOAE) administered separately and to establish a possible synergistic interaction when administered concurrently to chloramphenicol- induced anaemic rats. Materials and Methods: Anaemia was induced by oral administration of chloramphenicol (50 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. Five (5) non- anaemic rats and Twenty (20) anaemic rats were used in this study. The non – anaemic rats served as non- anaemic control and received 1ml dist. H2O. The 25 anaemic rats were divided into 5 groups of 5 rats each (groups 2- 6). Group 2 served as anaemic control and received 1 ml dist. H2O, group 3 served as positive control (reference drug) and received ferrous gluconate (900 mg/kg) while groups 4- 6 received FEAE (200 mg/kg), TOAE (200 mg/kg) and FEAE (100 mg/kg) + TOAE (100 mg/kg) respectively. Treatment was carried out once daily for 7 days after which the rats were bled for determination of PCV, Hb and WBC count. Results: Chloramphenicol induced a significant decrease PVC and Hb indicating anaemia and also resulted to a significant increase in WBC count. Aqueous leaves extracts of Ficus exasperata and Telfeira occidentalis produced significant increase in PCV and Hb with a corresponding decrease in WBC after 7 days of oral administration to anaemic rats. The anti- anaemic effect observed with co-administration of the extracts was however, significantly more than either of the extract administered alone. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the extracts of Ficus exasperata and Telfeira occidentalis show synergistic effect when co-administered. This could be useful in the management of anaemia.

Analysis of adverse reactions of penicillin combined with chloramphenicol and tetracycline / 中国基层医药

Objective@#To investigate the occurrence and characteristics of adverse reactions of penicillin combined with chloramphenicol and tetracycline, so as to provide a reliable basis for the rational clinical application of penicillin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline antibiotics.@*Methods@#From January 2017 to July 2018, 200 cases with adverse reactions of combined use of penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline in Yiwu Central Hospital were chosen.The clinical data of 200 cases of drug adverse reactions report were retrospectively analyzed.The gender distribution, age distribution, dosage, clinical manifestation, adverse reactions involving system, time, unreasonable drug adverse reactions happen were analyzed.@*Results@#Among the 200 adverse reactions, 51.50% cases were male and 48.50% were female, and the difference was not statistically significant(χ2=0.360, P>0.05). The age distribution of 200 cases of adverse reactions was concentrated in people aged less than 14 and more than 60, accounting for 36.50% and 41.00%, respectively.The main routes of administration of 200 adverse reactions were intravenous injection, intramuscular injection and oral administration, accounting for 38.00%, 32.50% and 29.50%, respectively.The clinical manifestations of adverse reactions in 200 cases were mainly anaphylactic shock, bone marrow suppression and dizziness, accounting for 20.00%, 18.50% and 11.50%, respectively.The adverse reactions of 200 cases mainly involved hematopoietic system, nervous system, systemic damage and skin system, accounting for 36.00%, 24.50%, 20.00% and 18.00%, respectively.The adverse reactions of 200 cases occurred within 30 min after medication, accounting for 69.50%.The unreasonable medication of 200 cases of adverse reactions mainly included unreasonable course of medication, unreasonable timing of administration, unreasonable solvent selection, unreasonable dosage and repeated medication.@*Conclusion@#Penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline class of antimicrobial agents combined application has more adverse reactions, the adverse reaction throughout children and the elderly, many involving the hematopoietic system, nervous system, clinical need according to penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline class of antimicrobial agents combined use of the laws and characteristics of adverse reactions in the aftermath of the targeted pharmaceutical intervention, so as to promote clinical rational drug use.

Analysis of adverse reactions of penicillin combined with chloramphenicol and tetracycline / 中国基层医药

Objective To investigate the occurrence and characteristics of adverse reactions of penicillin combined with chloramphenicol and tetracycline ,so as to provide a reliable basis for the rational clinical application of penicillin,chloramphenicol and tetracycline antibiotics.Methods From January 2017 to July 2018,200 cases with adverse reactions of combined use of penicillin ,chloramphenicol,tetracycline in Yiwu Central Hospital were chosen. The clinical data of 200 cases of drug adverse reactions report were retrospectively analyzed.The gender distribution, age distribution,dosage,clinical manifestation,adverse reactions involving system , time, unreasonable drug adverse reactions happen were analyzed.Results Among the 200 adverse reactions ,51.50% cases were male and 48.50%were female,and the difference was not statistically significant (χ2 ＝0.360,P＞0.05).The age distribution of 200 cases of adverse reactions was concentrated in people aged less than 14 and more than 60,accounting for 36.50%and 41.00%, respectively.The main routes of administration of 200 adverse reactions were intravenous injection , intramuscular injection and oral administration,accounting for 38.00%,32.50%and 29.50%,respectively.The clinical manifestations of adverse reactions in 200 cases were mainly anaphylactic shock ,bone marrow suppression and dizziness ,accounting for 20.00%,18.50% and 11.50%, respectively.The adverse reactions of 200 cases mainly involved hematopoietic system,nervous system,systemic damage and skin system ,accounting for 36.00%,24.50%,20.00% and 18.00%, respectively.The adverse reactions of 200 cases occurred within 30 min after medication,accounting for 69.50%.The unreasonable medication of 200 cases of adverse reactions mainly included unreasonable course of medication , unreasonable timing of administration,unreasonable solvent selection ,unreasonable dosage and repeated medication. Conclusion Penicillin,chloramphenicol ,tetracycline class of antimicrobial agents combined application has more adverse reactions,the adverse reaction throughout children and the elderly ,many involving the hematopoietic system , nervous system, clinical need according to penicillin , chloramphenicol, tetracycline class of antimicrobial agents combined use of the laws and characteristics of adverse reactions in the aftermath of the targeted pharmaceutical intervention,so as to promote clinical rational drug use.

Development of Quantum Dot Submicrobeads-based Fluorescent Immunochromatographic Test Strip for Rapid Detection of Chloramphenicol / 分析化学

A fluorescent immunochromatographic test strip based on the quantum dots submicrobeads (QBs) was developed for quantitative detection of chloramphenicol (CAP). In this method, monoclonal antibody of CAP and OBs complex fluorescent probe was first prepared using 1-ethyl-3-( 3-dimethylaminopropyl ) carbodiimide / N-hydroxysuccinimide coupling approach, then complete antigen CAP-HS-BSA was synthesized and sprayed on nitrocellulose membrane as test line (T line). Similarly, goat anti-mouse antibody was sprayed as control line (C line). The time required for the analysis was 15 min, and the limit of detection (LOD) for CAP was 0. 1 μg / L, with a working range of 0. 1 - 100 μg / L. In spiked milk samples, the test strip demonstrated high recoveries in the range from 93. 3% to 97. 9% with relative standard deviations of less than 7% .

Determination of chloramphenicol and metronidazolel in honey by ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with isotope-labelled internal standards / 中国食品卫生杂志

Objective To determine chloramphenicol and metronidazolel in honey by isotope-labelled internal standards ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.Methods Samples were extracted with ethyl acetate solution,and cleaned up on a MCS cartridge.The target analytes were separated on a ZORBAX SB-C18column with gradient elution using a mobile phase made up of methanol and 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate solution (containing 0.05％ formic acid).Detection was carried out using positive and negative electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM),and quantified with isotope internal standardmethod.Results The chloramphenicol and metronidazolel showed good linearity in the range of 0.05-5.00 ng/ml.The recovery at three spiked levels of 0.5,2.0 and 5.0 μg/kg were in the range of 79.3％-96.7％.The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 5.5％-14.8％.The limits of quantitation were 0.15 μg/kg,the limits of detection were 0.05 μg/kg.Conclusion The method is sensitive and accurate.It could be applied to the high-throughput analysis of chloramphenicol and metronidazolel.

Determination of Chloramphenicol Residue in Animal Medicinal Herbs by UPLC-MS / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish the method for determination of chloramphenicol residue in animal medicinal herbs.METHODS:UPLC-MS method was adopted.The determination was performed on SB-C18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-water (gradient elution) at the flow rate of 0.2 mL/min.The column temperature was 35 ℃,and sample size was 20 μL.The ion source was a jet stream ion focusing electrospray ion source.The temperature and flow of drying gas were 350 ℃ and 5 L/ min,and those of sheath gas were 250 ℃,11 L/min,and capillary voltage was 3 500 V.Negative ion scanning mode was conducted with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode.RESULTS:The linear ranges of thiamphenicol,florfenicol and chloramphenicol were 0.5-15 ng/mL(r were 0.999 8,0.999 9,0.998 9,respectively).The limits of quantitation were 0.03,0.03,0.15 μg/kg,and the limits of detection were 0.01,0.01,0.05 μg/kg.RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were all lower than 3.0％.The recoveries were 84.00％-112.80％ (RSD=10.15％,n=9),88.24％-109.80％ (RSD=7.11％,n=9),88.24％-99.02％ (RSD=3.91％,n=9). CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple,precise,stable and reproducible,and can be used for determination of chloramphenicol in animal medicinal herbs.

Clinical Observation of Chloramphenicol Combined with Recombinant Human Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor in the Treatment of Traumatic Perforation of Tympanic Membrane / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To observe therapeutic efficacy and safety of chloramphenicol combined with recombinant human acidic fibroblast growth factor (rhaFGF) in the treatment of traumatic perforation of tympanic membrane (TPTM).METHODS:A total of 82 TPTM patients were randomly divided into observation group (41 cases) and control group (41 cases).On the basis of routine treatment,the patients in the control group were covered with cotton sheets infiltrated with 12.5％ Chloramphenicol injection,and 1 drop of 12.5％ Chloramphenicol injection,once a day,since 2nd day.Observation group was covered with cotton sheets infiltrated with 12.5％ chloramphenicol injection+rhaFGF for external use,and 1 drop of rhaFGF,once a day,since 2nd day.Cotton sheets were removed every 7 days in 2 groups.After 60 days of treatment,clinical efficacies,infection rate and reoperation were observed in 2 groups,and air conduction threshold,bone conduction threshold and the occurrence of ADR were also observed before and after treatment.RESULTS:The total response rate of observation group was 78.05％,which was higher than 60.98％ of control group (P＜0.05).The reoperation rate and the incidence of ADR in observation group were significantly lower than control group,with statistical significance (P＜0.05).There was no statistical significance in the infection rate between 2 groups (P＞ 0.05).After treatment,air conduction threshold of 2 groups were significantly lower than before treatment,with statistical significance (P＜0.05);but there was no statistical significance between 2 groups (P＞0.05).There was no statistical significance in bone conduction threshold between 2 groups (P＞0.05).CONCLUSIONS:Chloramphenicol combined with rhaFGF is effective and safe in the treatment of TPTM,and can significantly reduce the rate of reoperation.

Determination Method Improvement for Chloramphenicol Hydrocortisone Ear Drop / 中国药师

Objective:To establish a method for the determination of chloramphenicol and hydrocortisone in chloramphenicol hy-drocortisone ear drop. Methods:An HPLC method was used with a Shiseido SPOLAR C18 column (250 mm ′4. 6 mm, 5 mm). The mobile phase was 0. 01 mol·L-1 sodium heptane sulfonate buffer solution (6. 8 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate was dissolved in 0. 01 mol · L-1 heptane sodium sulfonate buffer solution and diluted to 1000 ml, 5 ml triethylamine was added and mixed, and then the pH was adjusted to 2. 5 by phosphoric acid)-methanol (40︰60). The column temperature was 30℃ and the flow rate was 1. 0 ml · min-1 . The detection wavelength was 245 nm and the injection volume was 10 μl. Results: Chloramphenicol and hydrocortisone had a good linear relationship within the range of 50. 26-753. 84 μg · ml-1 ( r =0. 9996 ) and 10. 93-163. 92 μg · ml-1 ( r =1. 0000), respectively. The average recovery of chloramphenicol was 100. 21% and RSD was 0. 48%(n=9). The average recovery of hydrocortisone was 100. 82% and RSD was 0. 37% (n=9). Conclusion:The method has the advantages of high specificity, good reproducibility and high precision, and can be used as a method for the determination of chloramphenicol and hydrocortisone in chlor-amphenicol hydrocortisone ear drop.

Effects of clarithromycin treatment in scrub typhus in children: comparison with chloramphenicol and azithromycin / 소아과

PURPOSE: Chloramphenicol and tetracycline are not recommended for treating scrub typhus in pediatric patients because of potential side effects, such as aplastic anemia or tooth discoloration. While clarithromycin has recently been used in adults, few reports have been published on its effects in pediatric patients. We report the clinical profiles of pediatric scrub typhus and the effects of clarithromycin on scrub typhus in children. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed medical records of 56 children with scrub typhus who were admitted between 2004 and 2013 to Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea. Cases were divided into 3 groups based on thetreatment drug (chloramphenicol, azithromycin, and clarithromycin). We compared their clinical manifestations and laboratory findings. RESULTS: All patients exhibited fever and rash. Other common clinical manifestations were eschars (66%), lymphadenopathy (48%), upper respiratory symptoms (42%), abdominal pain (32%), and hepatosplenomegaly (14%). Elevated levels of C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase were detected in 95%, 96%, 84%, and 77% of patients, respectively. Additionally, decreased platelet and white blood cell levels were observed in 43% and 36% of patients, respectively. There were no statistical differences between the treatment groups in mean age (P=0.114) or sex (P=0.507). However, time to defervescence after the treatments differed significantly, being the shortest in the clarithromycin group (P=0.019). All patients recovered without complications related to the disease or drugs. CONCLUSION: Clarithromycin was as effective as chloramphenicol and azithromycin in pediatric scrub typhus patients and may be used as a first-line treatment drug.

Determination of Residual Chloramphenicol in Wuji Baifeng Pills by HPLC-MS/MS with Normal Solid-phase Extraction / 中国药师

Objective:To establish a method for the determination of chloramphenicol residue in Wuji Baifeng pills by liquid chro -matography tandem mass spectrometry with normal solid-phase extraction .Methods:A normal solid-phase extraction column was used for the sample pretreatment and enrichment , and high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to deter-mine chloramphenicol residue in Wuji Baifeng pills .The analysis was performed on an Agilent-ODS C18 (250 mm ×4.6 mm,5 μm) column .The mobile phase was composed of methanol and water with gradient elution at 40℃ (0-7 min, 30% methanol;7-15 min, 30%-80%methanol;15-25 min, 80%-30%methanol).The flow rate was 1.0 ml· min-1 , and the quantitation ion was m/z 152.1 (the negative ionization) under the mode of multiple reaction monitoring .Results:The limit of detection was 0.016 ng.The calibra-tion curves were linear within the range of 0.187-3.749 ng.The method recovery was 94.3% with RSD of 3.19%(n=9).Conclu-sion:The method is simple with accurate results .It is suitable for the determination of chloramphenicol residue .

The load and sustained release performance of chloramphenicol in the poly(DMAM-co-AA) hydrogels / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To study the load capacity and slow releasing kinetics of chloramphenicol in poly(DMAM-co-AA) hydrogel based on N,N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMAM) and acrylic acid (AA). METHODS: The dry hydrogel was soaked in chloramphenicol solution, fully saturated and swelled. The load capacity of chloramphenicol in the swelled hydrogel was investigated. The dry gel loaded chloramphenicol was put into the different solution and constantly stirred. At the same time, the release rate of chloramphenicol was studied. RESULTS: When themole ratio of reaction monomers (DMAM/AA) and concentration of chloramphenicol solution were increased, the load capacityof chloramphenicol was increased. The release rate of chloramphenicol was increased with temperature rising. The release rate of chloramphenicolin acidic or alkaline medium was larger than that in neutral medium. CONCLUSION: The load capacity of chloramphenicol in poly(DMAM-co-AA) hydrogel is increased with the solution concentration of chloramphenicol increasing. The release of chloramphenicolin various hydrogels is completed in the range of 8 to 12 h, and the total release rate of chloramphenicol could reach about 90%.

Alkanethiol modified magnetic silver flower nanoparticles applied to detection of chloramphenicol / 军事医学

Objective To prepare novel alkanethiol modified magnetic silver flower nanoparticles as SERS substrate to chloramphenicol for Raman detection and to determine their enhancement effect.Methods An alkanethiol was chosen as a surface modifier of the substrate and was self-assembled onto the magnetic silver flower nanoparticle surface.The chloram-phenicol molecules were enriched to the surface of the substrate by hydrophobic interaction and the effect for detection of chloramphenicol SERS signal was enhanced.Results It was found that the 1-hexanethiol-modified SERS substrate was able to lead to stronger enhancement than 1-dodecanethiol and octadecanethiol.Fe3 O4@SiO2-Ag-C6 was used to detect the chloramphenicol (10 -3 -10 -10 mol/L) and chloramphenicol in milk (10 -3 -10 -9 mol/L) by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.The detection limits were 0.1 nmol/L (32 ppt) and 1 nmol/L (323 ppt) respectively.Conclusion Alkanethiol modified magnetic silver flower nanoparticles are a highly active SERS substrate, which can be used for detection of low concentrations of analytical substances.

Simultaneous Determination of Triamcinolone Acetonide Acetate and Chloramphenicol in Chloramphenicol and Triamcinolone Acetonide Acetate Cream by HPLC-DAD / 中国药师

Objective:To establish an HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of triamcinolone acetonide acetonide ( TAA) and chloramphenicol in the cream. Methods:The chromatographic system consisted of a ZORBAX SB-C18 column (250 mm × 4. 6 mm, 5μm). The mobile phase consisted of methanol and phosphate buffer with gradient elution at a flow rate of 1. 0 ml·min-1, the detection wavelength was 240nm, the column temperature was ambient, and the sample size was 20 μl. Results:The calibration curve was linear for TAA and chloramphenicol within the concentration range of 6. 12-48. 96 μg·ml-1 and 62. 1-745. 2 μg·ml-1 with the recovery of 99. 7% (RSD=1. 3%, n=9) and 99. 4%(RSD=1. 0%, n=9), respectively. Conclusion: The method is sensitive, accurate and specific, and can be used to control the quality of chloramphenicol and triamcinolone acetonide acetate cream.